Griffith's theory of fracture Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Griffith's hypothesis of break - Coursework Example Pottery and Metals have diverse nuclear structure and ionic holding. Clay materials have both ionic and covalent bonds. Ionic bond is the one that keeps them fragile. Ionic bond is lose and no clear direction.The positive and negative particles are organized and are held together by fascination made by one another of various charge. At the point when stress is applied, particles slide past one another at that point goes to various bearings; particles of a similar charge knocks and attempting to repulse one another; making the molecules spread. The material at that point breaks. In metals, the nuclear structure comprise all the more emphatically charged particles on a progression of contrarily charge electrons. The electrons permits the positive charge particles to slide and move past one another without breaking the bond when a specific pressure is applied. This makes the metal be intense. 2) Glass when all is said in done has a low rigidity. This falsehoods completely with the way t hat glass is a strong lacking crystalline structure or in particular formless strong. Undefined strong has a moving structure of particles and are not conservative, this outcomes to having a low elasticity than of different solids. Be that as it may, there are techniques for by one way or another improving glass’s elasticity, reinforcing them. One is by dousing the glass into a shower of potassium nitrate arrangement on an around 400 to 450 degrees Celsius having. Potassium nitrate has bigger atom structure than of a typical sodium nitrate particle in the outside of the glass. The procedure will currently supplant the sodium nitrate on a glass by the potassium nitrate in the shower arrangement, leaving the glass having a thick layer and a hard wedge. This is called â€Å"chemical strengthening†. Another is called â€Å"heat strengthening† where a glass surface is warmed for around 1100-1500 degrees Fahrenheit at that point out of nowhere cooled. After out of now here cooling, the glass particles packs, consequently having a thick and compacted layer than previously. 3) Griffith’s condition steps legitimately not to the quality of a material yet the crack in it and how hard would it be able to withstand a power before it breakdown. Break is the engendering of a split or a defect across stacked or power applied section. Durability is the property of a material to withstand break. Presently glass has actually low protection from break than steel has. In Griffith’s condition, you would get worry over strain or Young’s modulus of a material first then that you will decide its sturdiness. A glass for the most part has just 50-90 GPa. Its capacity to oppose break is low thought about of steel which has a worry over strain proportion of around 190 to 210 GPa. This makes steel as a more best material than glass. 4) Elastic distortion by definition is reversible. Which means, the material will come back to its unique state when p ushed and bowing pressure is not, at this point applied. Uniform plastic twisting is an irreversible misshapening where the material strains consistently upon pressure. The material won't come back to its unique state rather it breaks or bursts when certain pressure is sufficient for the material to withstand. Neighborhood plastic disfigurement or otherwise called â€Å"necking† varies from uniform plastic twisting by methods for the strain applied. It is a method of tractable misshapening where moderately a lot of strain confine excessively in a little area of the material. The restricted segment of the material where there is a reduction in neighborhood the reason for â€Å"neck†. 5) In elastic flexibility the polymer chains of an elastomer loops aimlessly at a casual state. On augmentation, the chains are loosened up, and their conformational entropy is decreased. This is the motivation behind why an elastic material, when out of nowhere loose from expansion, snaps back. This is the premise in a flexibility modulus of a material. The material is profoundly versatile when its firmness and augmentation are adjusted together. Firmness is a broad property of a material to oppose distortion. The high the solidness can be the high the material’s augmentations. 6) Thermosetting gum has a sythesis

Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality

Question: Examine about the Wearable Computers and Augmented Reality. Answer: Presentation The rising reason for worry for the individuals over the range is quality in medicinal services. There is additionally the issue of ascend in costs. As indicated by the WHO report 20% of the senior have a dynamic neurological issue that incorporate Parkinson, dementia or Alzheimers. 17.4% of the lives of the individuals are lost by these medical problems (Hungerford et al., 2016). The future of individuals is expanding and there ought to be more up to date advances utilized in matured consideration offices to handle this rising issue. Expanded reality can possibly address or deal with this issues. Increased reality scope Increased the truth is implantation of certain immediate or roundabout components into the ongoing condition. (Barfield, 2015). This expanded the truth is basically an expansion of computer generated reality. There is combination of the constant condition and PC interceded components. This is through a PC produced tangible info. (Ellenby et al., 2015). There is potential to apply it in the social insurance industry. Current state and applications Intellectual capacity gets progressively reduced in patients who are experiencing neurological conditions. They will in general have poor spatial course and the ecological psychological limit gradually diminishes. Dynamic conditions, for example, Parkinson or Alzheimers can be overseen and its movement can be decreased. The point of the increased reality innovation is to guarantee that the individuals broaden their personal satisfaction through these procedures. Clinical research in increased innovation finds that the psychological burden and the feeling of spatial course of the old are extensively improved with the AR-based 3D multi dimensional image (AR-3DH) mental revolution preparing (Lee, Chen and Chang,2016). In the exploration by Boletsis and McCallum, (2016) the Cognitive Augmented Reality Cubes (CogARC) framework has been introduced. In this game there is an assortment of psychological small games that is utilized to defer the beginning or movement of the conditions. Elevated level Business prerequisites The business prerequisites are to grow increasingly proper innovation to give individualized consideration to the Alzheimers patients or dementia patients. The motivation behind the future mechanical advancement is to concentrate on creating prescreening and guaranteeing postponed beginning of indications (Sonntag, 2015). Care offices need to fuse this innovation in their outpatient and in their inpatient programs. The preparation offices ought to be educated about the significance of this innovation. Past research shows that the beginning and the movement of the sickness can be deferred. The end client of the projects will be the patients who have built up the state of Alzheimers or dementia. For this the patients need to utilize the versatile application innovation or tablet innovation to build their intellectual capacities. There will be a scope of games and psychological tests for the individuals to improve their capacities. Elevated Level partner necessities The most significant partner that will be profited by this innovation are the patients who are building up the conditions. Beginning time patients are the objective demography. This application will be to improve the personal satisfaction of the senior. The innovation division and the social insurance office should cooperate solidly to meet the patient necessities and show the patients these applications (Briggs et al., 2015). Pattern examination: Presently there are applications, for example, Lumiosity, Brain mentor games, Eidetic applications to improve the present innovation. There is anyway a need to consolidate a preparation game that utilizes the basics of Pokemon Go to join into the applications. There can be more slow paced multi dimensional image games to improve the subjective capacity of the senior. This isn't financially accessible for the patients. There ought to be mind games that blends the idea of Pokeman Go to make the senior to exercise and defer beginning. Achievability investigation and the activity plan By coordinating the administrations that has been given by the innovation and the medical clinic industry there can be advancement of the innovation that is inventive and prudent. Later on the rising capital expenses to give understanding The present capital costs engaged with the advancement of the innovation are very high. The future activity plan for these expanded reality ought to start can be made monetarily suitable inside the following 1 year. Wide procedures The last application will utilize little 3D shapes that the client would need to orchestrate. There will be reached out into the constant condition like the Pokemon Go. The senior would have the opportunity to hinder the solid shapes and do just exercise that would reenact a similar impact of working out. Their reaction time would be reported and games identified with their expertise level will be given. The human services laborers will allot the aptitude level for the patients dependent on their wellbeing condition. Investigation of enactments 10% of the GDP is spent on the matured consideration of the country. The administration needs to distribute more assets to guarantee that the seniors of the populace are taken consideration. There ought to be progressively legislative authorizations and administrative help that ought to be accommodated the advancement of enlarged reality innovation (Willis et al., 2016). There ought to be administrative help to empower the individuals to find out about the innovation. End The motivation behind this examination is to decide the future bearings more current administration techniques for the senior populace with dynamically intensifying conditions. Innovation that is created ought to be valuable to the individuals. The quantity of individuals in the matured consideration has been expanding and having these devices would be valuable to all the partners in question. It has been resolved that expanded reality can possibly build the psychological and the subjective familiarity with the patients. Reference Barfield, W. ed., 2015.Fundamentals of wearable PCs and increased reality. CRC Press. Boletsis, C. also, McCallum, S., 2016. Expanded reality 3D shapes for subjective gaming: Preliminary ease of use and game experience testing.Int J Serious Games,3, pp.3-18. Briggs, K., Georgakopoulos, A., Kapovits, A., Herzog, U., Mumtaz, S., Saidul, K., Domenico, B.M.C., Okyere, B., Filo, M., Frascolla, R.V. also, Moessner, K., 2015. D3. 1: Value chain investigation and framework plan. Ellenby, P., Ellenby, T.W. also, Ellenby, J., GeoVector Corp., 2015.Multi Mode Augmented Reality Search Systems. U.S. Patent 20,150,286,870. Hungerford, C., Prosser, B., Davey, R., Clark, S., Davey, C.H.B.P.R. also, Clark, S., 2016. The Australian dark nomadand matured consideration nurture professional models of training: a contextual analysis analysis.Rural and remote health,16(3647). Lee, I.J., Chen, C.H. furthermore, Chang, K.P., 2016. Increased reality innovation joined with three-dimensional holography to prepare the psychological revolution capacity of more established adults.Computers in Human Behavior,65, pp.488-500. Sonntag, D., 2015, September. Kognit: Intelligent Cognitive Enhancement Technology by Cognitive Models and Mixed Reality for Dementia Patients. In2015 AAAI Fall Symposium Series. Willis, E., Reynolds, L. furthermore, Keleher, H. eds., 2016.Understanding the Australian human services framework. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Addressing the Members of The Salvation Army to Start a Residential Fa Speech or Presentation

Addressing the Members of The Salvation Army to Start a Residential Fa Speech or Presentation Addressing the Members of The Salvation Army to Start a Residential Facility for the Elders â€" Speech or Presentation Example > The paper “ Addressing the Members of The Salvation Army to Start a Residential Facility for the Elders”   is a thrilling example of speech on social science. It is a pleasure to talk to you, the members of The Salvation Army, who are doing commendable work for the underprivileged in the society - the support extended to you by the Bundaberg Skills Centre and the Bundaberg City Council, including local sponsors. We are also aware of the benevolent work being done by the Charity in the rehabilitation of the juvenile delinquents, especially the drug, and the alcohol addicts. At the outset, I would like to share my views on what charity means to me. Charity is not donating something because we do not need it ourselves. Charity is not making someone dependent on our donations. Charity is to give something that is precious to us, something that would hurt us, something that would be of immense help to the other person. Charity is to give of our love, time, and attention to the upliftment of an individual or a community. Charity is to help others to grow into responsible citizens; charity is to make them independent. Our community here consists mainly of the aboriginals, which lacks in formal education. Dealing with aborigines is by no means an easy task. We have to face many barriers â€" barriers due to social or cultural background, gender discrimination or rural settings. As such, the need in this community is not merely financial aid but charity in various forms. The native people, while simple at heart, are deprived of love and care. We have to face resistance at every stage but fortunately, our patience and commitment have seen us through the major hurdles. We, as social workers, deem it fit to first extend a feeling of belongingness to these people. We had to instill confidence in them that we are a part of them. Through our experience, we know that love and attention can work wonders with such people. They respond positively to such emotions and are willing to cooperate for their development. We know your Charity provides emotional and spiritual guidance through positive lifestyle techn iques. These help to improve the self-esteem of these people. A social worker works for society works through society and works in society. We all are in some form or the other, dependent on each other. In our community, social workers take up small assignments and go from one home to the other. We try to spend time with them in their own environment, which has helped immensely to instill a sense of confidence in them about our aims and goals. We collect donations and regularly organize health check-up camps. We especially try to provide corrective nutrition to the infants and the nursing mothers. Being in the Charity, you must be well aware of the rehabilitation necessary with the aboriginals. Due to the lack of family bonding, adolescents tend to go astray and take to illicit liquor and drugs. This further pushes the community in the dark. One of our main aims is to bring these people out of this dungeon and into the light. I would not just divert their minds for a while and feel comfortable that they are out of this. I would prefer to uproot the disease so that it never attacks them again. They should be motivated to knowingly give up such killer habits. For this, awareness programs and campaigns are necessary. In fact, even to organize such campaigns, if they are involved, it would double the benefit. We need to highlight the chain effect of such habits, which are a curse to the community.

Biography of Sobhuza II King of Swazi

Sobhuza II was paramount Chief of the Swazi from 1921 and king of Swaziland from 1967 (until his death in 1982). His reign is the longest for any recorded modern African ruler (there are a couple of ancient Egyptians who, it is claimed, ruled for longer). During his period of rule, Sobhuza II saw Swaziland gain independence from Britain. Date of birth: 22 July 1899Date of death: 21 August 1982, Lobzilla Palace near Mbabane, Swaziland An Early LifeSobhuzas father, King Ngwane V died in February 1899, at the age of 23, during the yearly incwala (First Fruit) ceremony. Sobhuza, who was born later that year, was named as heir on 10 September 1899 under the regency of his grandmother, Labotsibeni Gwamile Mdluli. Sobhuzas grandmother had a new national school built in order that he obtain the best possible education. He finished school with two years at the Lovedale Institute in Cape Province, South Africa. In 1903 Swaziland became a British protectorate, and in 1906 administration was transferred to a British High Commissioner, who took responsibility for Basutoland, Bechuanaland and Swaziland. In 1907 the Partitions Proclamation ceded vast tracts of land to European settlers -- this was to prove a challenge for Sobhuzas reign. Paramount Chief of the SwaziSobhuza II was installed to the throne, as paramount chief of the Swazi (the British did not consider him a king at that time) on 22 December 1921. He immediately petitioned to have the Partitions Proclamation overturned. He traveled for this reason to London in 1922, but was unsuccessful in his attempt. It was not until the outbreak of World War II that he achieved a breakthrough -- obtaining a promise that Britain would buy back the land from settlers and restore it to the Swazi in exchange for Swazi support in the war. Towards the end of the war, Sobhuza II was declared the native authority within Swaziland, giving him an unprecedented level of power in a British colony. He was still under the aegis of the British High Commissioner though. After the war, a decision had to be made about the three High Commission Territories in southern Africa. Since the Union of South Africa, in 1910, there had been a plan to incorporate the three regions into the Union. But the SA government had become increasingly polarized and power was held by a minority white government. When the National Party took power in 1948, campaigning on an ideology of Apartheid, the British government realized that they could not hand over the High Commission territories to South Africa. The 1960s saw the beginnings of independence in Africa, and in Swaziland several new associations and parties formed, eager to have their say about the nations path to freedom from British rule. Two commissions were held in London with representatives of the European Advisory Council (EAC), a body which represented the rights of white settlers in Swaziland to the British High Commissioner, the Swazi National Council (SNC) which advised Sobhuza II on traditional tribal matters, the Swaziland Progressive Party (SPP) which represented the educated elite who felt alienated by traditional tribal rule, and the Ngwane National Liberatory Congress (NNLC) who wanted a democracy with a constitutional monarch. Constitutional MonarchIn 1964, feeling that he, and his extended, ruling Dlamini family, were not getting enough attention (they wanted to maintain their hold over traditional government in Swaziland after independence), Sobhuza II oversaw the creation of the royalist Imbokodvo National Movement (INM). The INM was successful in pre-independence elections, winning all 24 seats in the legislature (with the backing of the white settler United Swaziland Association). In 1967, in the final run up to independence, Sobhuza II was recognized by the British as a constitutional monarch. When independence was finally achieved on 6 September 1968, Sobhuza II was king and Prince Makhosini Dlamini was the countrys first Prime Minister. The transition to independence was smooth, with Sobhuza II announcing that since they were late coming to their sovereignty, they had the opportunity to observe the problems encountered elsewhere in Africa. From the beginning Sobhuza II meddled in the governance of the country, insisting oversight on all aspects of the legislature and judiciary. He promulgated government with a Swazi flavour, insisting that parliament was a consultative body of elders. It helped that his royalist party, the INM, controlled government. He was also slowly equipping a private army. Absolute MonarchIn April 1973 Sobhuza II abrogated the constitution and disbanded parliament, becoming an absolute monarch of the kingdom and ruling through a national council which he appointed. Democracy, he claimed, was un-Swazi. In 1977 Sobhuza II set up a traditional tribal advisory panel -- the Supreme Council of State, or Liqoqo. The Liqoqo was made up from members of the extended royal family, the Dlamini, who were previously members of the Swaziland National Council. He also set up a new tribal community system, the tiNkhulda, which provided elected representatives to a House of Assembly. Man of the PeopleThe Swazi people accepted Sobhuza II with great affection, he regularly appeared in traditional Swazi leopard-skin loincloth and feathers, oversaw traditional festivities and rituals, and practiced traditional medicine. Sobhuza II maintained a tight control on Swaziland politics by marrying into notable Swazi families. He was a strong proponent of polygamy. Records are unclear, but it is believed that he took more than 70 wives and had somewhere between 67 and 210 children. (It is estimated that at his death, Sobhuza II had around 1000 grandchildren). His own clan, the Dlamini, accounts for almost one quarter of the population of Swaziland. Throughout his reign he worked to reclaim lands granted to white settlers by his predecessors. This included an attempt in 1982 to claim the South African Bantustan of KaNgwane. (KaNgwane was the semi-independent homeland which had been created in 1981 for the Swazi population living in South Africa.) KaNgwane would have given Swaziland its own, much needed, access to the sea. International RelationsSobhuza II maintained good relations with his neighbors, especially Mozambique, through which it was able to access the sea and trade routes. But it was a careful balancing act -- with Marxist Mozambique on one side and Apartheid South Africa on the other. It was revealed after his death that Sobhuza II had signed secret security agreements with the Apartheid government in South Africa, giving them the opportunity to pursue the ANC camped in Swaziland. Under Sobhuza IIs leadership, Swaziland developed its natural resources, creating the largest man-made commercial forest in Africa, and expanding iron and asbestos mining to become a leading exporter in the 70s. Death of a KingPrior to his death, Sobhuza II appointed Prince Sozisa Dlamini to act as chief advisor to the regent, the Queen Mother Dzeliwe Shongwe. The regent wasa to act on behalf of the 14 year old heir, Prince Makhosetive. After Sobhuza IIs death on 21 August 1982, a power struggle erupted between Dzeliwe Shongwe and Sozisa Dlamini. Dzeliwe was ousted from the position, and after acting as regent for a month and a half, Sozisa appointed Prince Makhosetives mother, Queen Ntombi Thwala to be the new regent. Prince Makhosetive was crowned king, as Mswati III, on 25 April 1986.

PlatoSocrates Excellence in Virtue - 3650 Words

Plato amp; Socrates: Excellence in Virtue introduction â€Å"Socrates’ positive influence touches us even today† (May 6) and we can learn a great deal about him from one of his students, Plato. It is in Plato’s report of Socrates’ trial a work entitled, Apology, and a friend’s visit to his jail cell while he is awaiting his death in Crito, that we discover a man like no other. Socrates was a man following a path he felt that the gods had wanted him to follow and made no excuses for his life and they way he lived it. The passage I have chosen from Plato’s Apology is the main passage to which Socrates believed in until his death and gave the basis for his life and they way he chose to live his life. It is this passage that makes†¦show more content†¦Once a person has done this then they can concern themselves with other matters. Stating that you first turn your attention inward and then outward to the larger society could sum up th e general message of Socrates. While he does not explicitly say this one could reasonably interpret from Socrates defense that he believes the reason for the charges that have been brought up against him are due to a lack of understanding by the Athenian public of his mission and purpose as well as the authority he has to do it. This is what he is attempting to do in this passage, explain what he has been doing and that the god of all Athenians commanded him to do this work and that he has done nothing wrong. historical/biographical information Though Socrates ran no formal school, one can find in any number of books on Plato, that he was a student of Socrates in Ancient Greece. According to Baird and Kaufmann Plato probably first began following Socrates sometimes in his twenties, though one cannot be sure of the exact date (4). The Apology, along with Crito, are just a number of texts written by Plato on the teachings and beliefs held by Socrates. â€Å"The Apology is gene rally regarded as one of Plato’s first and as eminently faithful to what Socrates said at his trial on charges of impiety and corruption of the youth† (Baird amp; Kaufmann 5). The time of Socrates trial was around 399 B.C. in Athens, Greece and â€Å"many contemporaryShow MoreRelatedSocrates, Plato, and Aristotels View on Happiness1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthem happiness? The Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all have a similar view on what happiness is and how to achieve it. Aristotles view is based on Platos and Platos is based on Socrates teachings; this is why they are similar but they are all important and different with each philosophers personal views and beliefs. Socrates was a great man who was assassinated for his beliefs on the purpose of life and how to live happily. He presented the excellence of function to determine how aRead More Foundations of Political Thought Essays1664 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle and Socrates and Plato’s beliefs have similarities mainly evident in their denouncement of democracy for the state. The views of Socrates expressed and written by his pupil Plato are vastly philosophical in nature and he promotes the idea of questioning life to achieve insight. The philosophers who possess the absolute truth are the best equipped to rule society according to Plato and his Allegory of the Cave. Conversely, Aristotle takes a more political science approach of discussingRead MoreThe Complicated Life of Socrates1183 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates was a classical Greek philosopher that was born in Athens, Greece around 470/469 BC. He served in the Athenian army and fought in many battles. When Socrates retired f rom fighting in the army, he began focusing on expressing his beliefs. He wasn’t the typical â€Å"teacher† or â€Å"preacher†; he was a very critical and analytical thinker that helped guide his students and the Athenians during his time. Through his teachings and beliefs, Socrates had positive and negative influence on the people duringRead MoreEssay on Platos Response to Thrasymachus Immoralist View of Justice1491 Words   |  6 PagesPlatos Response to Thrasymachus Immoralist View of Justice In Book 1 of the ‘Republic’, Socrates, in answer to the question ‘What is Justice?’ is presented with a real and dangerous alternative to what he thinks to be the truth about Justice. Julia Annas believes Thrasymachus thinks Justice and Injustice do have a real existence that is independent of human institutions; and that Thrasymachus makes a decided commitment to Injustice. She calls this view ‘Immoralism’: â€Å"the immoralist holdsRead MoreJustice and Injustice1267 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Republic, the great philosopher Plato attempts to reveal through the character and dialogues of Socrates that justice is better when it is the good for which men must strive for, regardless of whether they could be unjust and still be rewarded. His method is to use dialectic, the asking and answering of questions. This method leads the audience from one point to another, supposedly with indisputable logic by obtaining agreement to each point before going on to the next, therefore, buildingRead MoreEssay on MENO: PLATO600 Words   |  3 PagesSocrates, can virtue be taught?1 The dialogue begins with Meno asking Socrates whether virtue can be taught. At the end of the Meno (86d-100b), Socrates attempts to answer the question. This question is prior to the division between opinion and knowledge and provides to unsettle both. Anytus participated in Socrates and Meno conversation about virtue. Socrates claims that if virtue is a kind of knowledge, then it can be learned. If it is something besides a kind of knowledge, it perceptibly cannotRead MoreSocrates Life Of The Soul, And Critical Thinking1721 Words   |  7 Pagesdemands a full cycle of work and consumption. Socrates believed that a person’s job in life is to grow both personally and spiritually. Without growth of the human soul, a person is not able to reach the pure serenity of the examined life. Socrates understood wisdom to be one of the most important virtues a person could possess. Seeking true wisdom entails questioning with logical argument, not just accepting things for what they are worth. Contrary to Socrates, Ivan Ilyich lived a life full of socialRead MoreKant And Kant s Philosophy On Ethics970 Words   |  4 Pagesvery same questions many philosophers have tried to figure through time from Socrates to Immanuel kant (and to this very day for the matter!). While comparing two great eathist Plato and Immanuel Kant I, the writer argue that Kant s ideological views on ethics were far superior to Plato’s due to several factors. For one Kant was born in a more recent time and is a for lack of a better term a â€Å"modern westerner†.Some of plato s ideas are outdated and relied heavily on ancient grecian culture . SecondlyRead MoreSocrates Changed Philosophy Forever Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates theories move away from the previous pre-Socratic philosophers mainly because his goal and answers he wanted were t he meaning of mortality and society. Socrates was born in the Greek city of Athens in 470 BC. His mother Phaenarete was a well loved midwife and his father Sophroniscus was a stone mason by trade. It is said that Socrates married Xanthippe, a woman known for her shrewish demeanor. The couple went on and had three sons; Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. Many scholarsRead MoreSocrates And Confucius As Teachers3484 Words   |  14 PagesSocrates and Confucius as Educators Neither Confucius nor Socrates were regarded widely in their lifetimes as highly valuable and distinguished men. Their fates were colored with tragic hues, but their ethics have survived them and become immortalized as treasures of world culture. Socrates had a formative influence on Western philosophy, and he emphasized logical method, the meaning of human experience, and the quest for eudaimonia through moral excellence. His famous paradox, that no one does wrong

Religion in Ancient China Free Essays

The earliest information found about religion in ancient China is during the Shang Dynasty and so religion in the Xia dynasty remains unknown. Religious beliefs and rituals were prominent during the Shang Dynasty. The most significant deity was Shang Ti, Ti meaning ‘Deity Above’ or the ‘Lord on High’. We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Ancient China or any similar topic only for you Order Now He ruled as a supreme god over all the other gods and spirits. The gods and spirits were believed to symbolize objects found in nature; the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, everything from mountains and rivers to the stars in the night sky. Ti is believed to have punished those who disobeyed or offended him and rewarded those who pleased him. It is said that Ti formed a noble court in heaven consisting of all deceased worthy ancestors. The Chinese’s belief in family harmony was associated to belief in the afterlife. The ancestors who were considered commendable served Ti, helping him govern the world. Ancestors were also worshipped and were said to act a mediators between the gods and humankind. It was thought that if ancestors were appropriately honoured, respected, and provided for, they would promote the family’s prosperity. A favour or grievance to a member of the family was considered a favour or grievance to the ancestors; consequently, people were reluctant to offense or harm descendants of a powerful family. It was believed that in the afterlife they would live in a celestial court in many ways similar to their earthly courts. Each Chinese family was expected to have an ancestral shrine in the centre of their home to honour and venerate their ancestors. Sacrifice to the gods and the ancestors were also a major part of the Shang religion. When a ruler died, slaves and officials were sacrificed with them in order to guarantee that their afterlife would be the same or similar as their life on earth. People were also sacrificed in smaller numbers when significant events, such as the founding of a palace or temple, took place. Along with their deceased ancestors, the Chinese had people on earth who acted as mediators between the celestials and the human race. Priests were among these intermediates and were responsible for a number of tasks including reading prayers and overseeing sacrifices and funerals. An augur is another type of mediator, responsible for asking gods questions on behalf of humans using various practices of foretelling to unearth the answers. The use of oracle bones was the most notable form of divination. The augur would ask the question, punching holes into the bone, usually the shoulder-bone from an ox, and in some cases the shell of a tortoise. The bone would then be held over a fire, until cracks appeared. These cracks would be made more evident by rubbing ink over the bone. The augur could now read the cracks and determine the answer of the god. Records of the questions and answers of readings were engraved on the bone. Questions on these oracle bones included issues of weather, warfare, agriculture, hunting, childbirth, and sacrifice. In reflection with their agricultural nature, the ancient Chinese use to honour the local deities of soil in order to increase the fertility of earth and to promote the growth of crops. Over time, this practice of earth worship began to dwindle and the veneration of Heaven increased. Divination was considered the only way to determine the requests and future actions of the ruler of Heaven who was also seen as a kind of ancestral figure. The Chinese were animistic and so believed that nature had many spirits. Good spirits, referred to as shen, and bad spirits, referred to as gui, were both thought to dwell in Heaven and Earth. The sun and the rooster were believed to have authority over the gui. This concept of shen and gui later influenced the formation of the yin and yang concept. The people of ancient China believed that there were two contrasting forces abiding in everything in nature; that is yin and yang. This concept was thought to be formed with the influence of the shen and gui concept from earlier ancient China. Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, or tranquil; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, femininity and nighttime. Yang, on the other hand, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot, dry, or aggressive; and is associated with fire, sky, the sun, masculinity and daytime. During the time of the Eastern Zhou, religion in China underwent an evolution. The early gods were forgotten and replaced with ideologies that worked as both philosophies and religions. A phenomenon called the ‘Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought’ took place in ancient China. Schools and philosophers flourished around this time and it was dubbed an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. The four most prominent schools of thought that evolved during this epoch were Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, and Legalism. Confucius was born 551 BC and grew up to become one of the most influential philosophers in Chinese history. Confucianism is a composite philosophy of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought. He built his philosophy around five virtues: compassion, morality, decorum, wisdom and honesty. Compassion was considered the cornerstone, symbolizing loyalty, filial piety, patience and benevolence. He also believed that everyone should be in harmony with one another and establish a society ruled by standard etiquette and conduct. A legendary philosopher by the name of Laozi is believed to have established the religious philosophy of Taoism. The ‘forces of nature’ is the central belief behind the concept of Tao, which is literally translated as â€Å"the path† or â€Å"the way. † Taoism is in many ways the contrary of Confucianism, focusing on the individual within the natural realm rather than the individual within society. It also focuses on the affiliation between humanity and the cosmos, vigour and long life, and wu wei, that is action through inaction, which is said to create harmony with the Universe. Mo Di or Mozi was another Chinese philosopher form the Eastern Zhou period. He was strongly opposed to the teachings of Confucianism and Taoism. Mohism was based on the idea of universal love, ‘everyone is equal before heaven’. Mozi believed that everyone should practice communal love in order to create a heaven on earth. He also believed that an individual’s perception should be the basis of human cognition and not imagination or logic. Mozi advocated abstinence, and therefore opposed music, regarding it as excessive and a waste of resources which could instead be used to help those in need of basic necessities such as food, water and shelter. He even opposed elaborate funerals also regarding it as a waste of money which could be used in more useful matters. He also advocated pacifism thus disapproving of offensive war, only accepting aggressive action to defend the weak. Legalism, while the term itself was invented in the Han dynasty, was one of the major doctrines followed during the Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought. It was established by Han Feizi and Li Si and theorizes that the human race is evil and in order to prevent this evil causing chaos, laws need to be put in place. Legalism wasn’t concerned with the nature or purpose of life, not even the welfare of the public; rather it sought the states prosperity and military aptitude. Out of these four philosophies, only Confucianism and Taoism are considered religions by scholars, as only they contain spiritual elements. Confucianism and Taoism both became part of what is now known as The Three Doctrine. Buddhism is the third doctrine however it was imported from India and flourished during Imperial China. How to cite Religion in Ancient China, Essay examples

War in Afghanistan Essays - AfghanistanUnited States Relations

War In Afghanistan The war in Afghanistan is one of the longest wars in the United States history. The United States army has been there since 9/11/2001. In February 2009, President Barack Obama ordered 17,000 He plans on sending another 30,000 troops this year. This war has sparked many anti-war efforts. Many parents of killed soldiers are pushing for extraction of the troops. Many of our troops have died there for another nation that has many people who hate the United States. As always, though, there are people that want to stay in the war. They want Afghanistan to become a nation that can handle itself. Some argue that the war in Afghanistan is wrong because of all or our troops dying; however, ultimately it is the right thing to do to help Afghanistan because they need help setting up their government, building a strong enough army, and keeping the Taliban from gaining control again. The war in Afghanistan has caused many deaths. Many young men have died there fighting for a country that's not the United States. This is why many parents have been pushing to get the troops in the Middle East brought back home to the Unites States. It is a unfortunate thing that so many of our troops are dying for another country. This is why so many have spoken out against the war. "Obama said there'd be one combat battalion coming home per month, and that has not happened." said Cindy Sheehan, one of the leaders of the anti-war movement. Many parents are angry about their children dying in the war to protect a foreign country. Obama plans on sending 30,000 more troops to Afghanistan in the upcoming years "Activist Cindy Sheehan Revives Anti-War Efforts". This is one of the main reasons people are getting mad because he said he would be withdrawing troops "Activist Cindy Sheehan Revives Anti-War Efforts". It has also caught the attention of many politicians: "Activist Ralph Nader told protesters Mr. Obama had essentially continued the policies of the Bush administration" "Thousands in Anti-War Rally". All of these are logical reasons, but it is a really good thing we are doing to help a country in need. The United States presence in Afghanistan is helping the Afghanistan government buildup strength. It is giving them the crucial time that they need to make their government strong when it was all out of shape and not working as a unit "Baker and Kolay". The United States government is collaborating with the Afghanistan government to help them build a stable government that can last the test of the Taliban when the United States leaves. Although there are tensions that are rising between the two nations' governments, they still stand strong in their alliance. This is because the Afghanistan government knows they could not do it alone "Baker and Kolay". The United States helped set up the Afghanistan government after the Taliban lost control of the country. If the United States were to pull out now like so many want, lots of people would die. Also the Afghanistan government would fall apart. The United States is giving the Afghanistan government time to make policies, and laws that are crucial to running a country "Baker and Kolay". United States officials are being very hard on the Afghanistan government about how they should run their country. President Karzai is strong leader, but the United States must stay because Afghanistan simply isn't ready to protect itself yet. Obama did pay a visit to Afghanistan but it was a really short one and it was at night "King". This made many people angry at Obama in Afghanistan because they say it was very chicken thing to do. It was also his first time to Afghanistan in 14 months "King". Many people described Karzai's behavior to President Obama as indifferent. Also there are many that said that his mood toward Obama was very pleasant and friendly "King". Many people in Afghanistan think we are there just for ourselves and not to help them get back on their feet. United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton had a conversation with President Karzai delivering a very clear message about how he needs to get